How do I control false smut (green balls) in paddy?

False smut turns some grains into velvety green to orange-yellow balls on the panicle and is favoured by high nitrogen, high humidity and rain at flowering. It rarely destroys the whole crop but reduces grain quality and the spores can contaminate seed. Manage it by avoiding excess late nitrogen, using clean seed, and applying a preventive fungicide such as propiconazole or a copper based product at booting and again at early heading in fields with a history of the disease. Do not spray after the balls have already formed as it gives little benefit. Remove and destroy affected panicles where practical and avoid saving seed from infected fields. Confirm fungicide and timing with your local KVK.