Sprinkler spacing and number per acre, overlap, wind effect, riser height for short crops.
7 Answers
Sprinkler layout is set by the nozzle's wetted diameter and your wind, so treat numbers as a guide and get a design. A common pattern for field crops like groundnut and pulses uses a square or rectangular spacing of roughly 12 by 12 m to 18 by 18 m for medium sprinklers, keeping spacing at about 60 percent of the wetted diameter so adjacent throws overlap and coverage stays even. In windy areas reduce spacing further. Riser height should clear the crop canopy. The number of sprinklers per acre then comes from the spacing; tighter spacing means more sprinklers but better uniformity. Match the design to your pump discharge and pressure. Get a proper layout from a micro irrigation agency or KVK before purchase and avoid running in strong wind.
The overlap point is real. The first season I spaced my sprinklers too far apart to save on pipes and got dry rings between them where the groundnut stayed thin. Bringing them closer so the spray patterns overlapped fixed the patchiness. Even watering is worth the extra sprinklers.
Run your sprinklers in the early morning or evening when the wind is calm. In our windy belt midday watering blew the spray away and left half the field dry. Same set, much better coverage just by changing the timing.
Check your pump can actually run the number of sprinklers you plan at the same time. I bought too many and the pressure dropped so none of them threw water properly. The agency told me to run the field in two sets instead of all at once, and then each set worked fine.
Match the riser height to clear the crop or the spray hits the canopy and the far side stays dry. My groundnut sprinklers were too low and the throw was blocked, so I raised the risers and the coverage evened out. Small fix, big difference.
Do not over water just because the sprinklers are running. I left them on too long thinking more is better and the light soil waterlogged in patches and groundnut pegging suffered. Shorter sets matched to the soil worked far better than long heavy runs.
Run them in the calm of early morning, the wind in our belt wrecks the pattern by mid day. The same set covered far better just by changing the timing. In strong wind half the water blows off the field entirely.