How do I control shoot fly and stem borer in jowar seedlings?

Shoot fly attacks jowar in the first 1 to 4 weeks, killing the central shoot to give a dead heart, while stem borer tunnels the stem later and also causes dead hearts and stunted plants. The strongest defence against shoot fly is sowing on time with the first good rains so the crop passes the seedling stage quickly, plus a higher seed rate to allow for some loss, seed treatment with a systemic insecticide, and removing and destroying dead heart plants. For stem borer, apply recommended granules into the whorl at early infestation, remove stubble that carries larvae, and conserve natural enemies. Tolerant varieties and synchronised village sowing reduce both pests. Avoid late sowing, which sharply increases shoot fly damage. Confirm products and doses with your local KVK and follow the label.