planning ashwagandha in Neemuch, asking about soil, water need and right time to harvest the root
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Ashwagandha grows best as a rainfed or low water crop on light, well drained sandy loam soils and does not tolerate waterlogging, which is why the Neemuch and Mandsaur belt of MP is a major growing area. It is sown with the onset of late monsoon and the roots are dug at maturity, usually around 150 to 180 days when the lower leaves dry and berries turn red orange. The root, the main saleable part, is dug carefully when soil has some moisture so it does not break, then washed, cut and dried. Quality depends on root thickness, colour and withanolide content. Too much water gives leafy growth and poor roots. Confirm variety, sowing window and a buyer before sowing with your KVK.
Light soil and very little watering is the trick, I almost grow it dry. Where water stood the roots were thin and rotted. Dig when the soil is just slightly moist so the long roots come out whole.
I dig when the lower leaves dry and the berries turn red orange, that is when the root is mature. Pulling too early gave me thin roots with poor value. Wait for the maturity signs on the plant.
The buyers here judge on root thickness and colour, so do not over water for big leafy plants, that gives poor thin roots. Line up who will buy the root before you sow, the market for it is narrow and not every mandi takes it.