boro rice winter season cold irrigation cost profit eastern India
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Boro is the dry winter to spring rice crop grown with full irrigation, common in Assam, West Bengal and parts of the east on low lying land. It can give high yield because of good sunlight and fewer pests, but it depends heavily on irrigation, so water and pumping cost decide profitability. Use cold tolerant recommended boro varieties, raise the nursery with protection from cold, transplant once the worst cold passes, and guard against cold-induced spikelet sterility at flowering by keeping a deeper water layer on cold nights. It works best where groundwater or surface water is assured and affordable. Compare expected yield and price against irrigation and input cost before deciding, and check your state recommendation.
Boro gave me good yield but my diesel bill was high. Where canal water reaches it is clearly more profitable.
In lower Assam I cover the boro nursery with a thin polythene tunnel at night during the cold spell, which saved my seedlings from cold damage. A weak nursery sets back the whole crop, so the protection paid off.
One caution: in our shared borewell area I joined a small group to run boro together so pumping cost per acre dropped. Going alone on diesel made boro barely break even for a neighbour of mine.
In West Bengal I keep a deeper water layer in the field on the coldest nights at flowering, which my block officer said protects against cold-caused empty grains. The year I let the water run low on a cold spell I got more chaffy grain.