Residual sodium carbonate in borewell water, sodicity hazard, gypsum in water, crop choice.
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RSC (residual sodium carbonate) measures the excess carbonate and bicarbonate over calcium and magnesium in your water; high RSC means the water will deposit sodium and slowly turn your soil sodic. As a rough guide, water below about 1.25 me/L is safe, 1.25 to 2.5 is marginal, and above 2.5 is high hazard. To manage high RSC water, add gypsum to the soil regularly to supply calcium, or pass water through a gypsum bed, apply extra organic matter, ensure good drainage, and grow more tolerant crops. Avoid using high RSC water alone on heavy soils; mix with better water if possible. Get a full irrigation water test (EC, SAR, RSC, pH) and follow your KVK or soil lab for the gypsum schedule; do not over apply.
Our tubewell water in Hisar has high RSC. Regular soil gypsum plus heavy FYM keeps the soil workable. Without gypsum it goes hard like brick.
If you have any access to canal water, mixing it with the high RSC tubewell water helps a lot. I blend the two during the canal turn and the soil stays much friendlier than running tubewell water alone. Pure high RSC water year round was slowly sealing my field.
Get the gypsum amount from the lab based on your RSC, do not just guess a quantity. A friend kept piling gypsum thinking more was better and wasted money, while another under dosed and saw no benefit. The water and soil test together gave me a proper schedule that actually held the soil structure.
Our Sirsa tubewell runs high RSC and regular soil gypsum from the lab schedule plus heavy FYM is the only thing that keeps the field from setting like brick. Skip the gypsum a year and you feel the soil go hard. Get the amount from the lab, not by guess.
Blending with canal water during the turn made a real difference for me. Running the high RSC tubewell water alone was slowly sealing the surface. Mixing the two stretched the better water and kept the soil taking water in.
Do not just keep piling gypsum thinking more is safer, get the dose from the RSC value. A neighbour over did it and wasted money while another under dosed and saw nothing. The water and soil test together gave me a schedule that actually held.