Major Types of Farming Practiced in India

India, with its diverse geography and climate, supports a variety of farming practices. These methods cater to the needs of different regions, cultures, and economic backgrounds. Understanding the types of farming practiced in India is essential for farmers, policy-makers, and agriculture entrepreneurs alike.

1. Subsistence Farming

Subsistence farming is the most common type of farming in India, especially in rural areas. Farmers grow crops primarily for their own consumption rather than for sale in the market.

• Small land holdings
• Traditional tools and techniques
• Minimal use of fertilizers and irrigation
• Crops include rice, wheat, maize, and pulses

2. Commercial Farming

This type of farming focuses on cultivating crops for sale in the market. It involves higher investment, use of modern technology, and scientific methods.

• Large-scale operations
• Use of high-yield variety (HYV) seeds, fertilizers, and machinery
• Covers crops like cotton, sugarcane, tea, coffee, and spices

3. Plantation Agriculture

Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming where a single crop is grown on a large scale, often for export.

• Requires large capital investment and skilled labor
• Common in states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Assam
• Major plantation crops: tea, coffee, rubber, and coconut

4. Shifting Agriculture

Also known as ‘jhum’ cultivation in the northeastern states, shifting agriculture involves clearing forest land and cultivating it for a short period before moving to a new area.

• Environmentally unsustainable in the long run
• Still practiced in tribal regions
• Main crops: millets, maize, and vegetables

5. Intensive Farming

Intensive farming aims to maximize output from small land holdings. It involves significant inputs of capital, labor, and technology.

• High productivity per hectare
• Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
• Popular in densely populated areas

6. Dryland Farming

Dryland farming is practiced in areas with low rainfall and minimal irrigation facilities. These regions focus on drought-resistant crops.

• Used in states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and parts of Andhra Pradesh
• Crops include jowar, bajra, pulses, and oilseeds
• Emphasizes water conservation techniques

7. Wetland Farming

Wetland farming is found in regions with high rainfall and water retention capacity in the soil. It supports water-intensive crops.

• Popular in Assam, Kerala, West Bengal
• Main crops: paddy, sugarcane, and jute

8. Organic Farming

Organic farming is gaining momentum in India due to rising awareness about health and sustainability.

• Eliminates use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
• Promotes soil health and biodiversity
• Grows in states like Sikkim, Uttarakhand, and Madhya Pradesh

Conclusion

India’s agricultural diversity is a strength that allows farmers to adopt farming types best suited to their environment and markets. From traditional subsistence farming to modern organic practices, each method plays a critical role in the nation’s food security and economy.

Ready to Improve Your Farming Practice?

Connect with your local Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) or agricultural extension officer to find out which farming method works best for your land and goals. Stay informed, stay productive, and take a step toward sustainable and profitable farming in India.